the Later Latin Society

a Brief Guide to
Latin Numerals

NUMERAL Adjectives are of three kinds:—

Cardinal, answering the question quot? how many?
Ordinal, answering the question quotus? which in order?
Distributive, answering the question quotêni? how many each?

Table of Latin Numerals

   CARDINAL       ORDINAL     DISTRIBUTIVE     ADVERBS   
I.ûnus (ûna, ûnam)prîmus (-a, -um)singulî (-ae, -a)semel
II.duo (duae, duo)secundus, alterbînîbis
III.três (três, tria)tertiusternîter
IV.quattuorquârtusquaternîquater
V.quînquequîntusquînîquînquiê(n)s
VI.sexsextussênîsexiêns
VII.septemseptimusseptênîseptiêns
VIII.octôoctâvusoctônioctiêns
IX.novemnônusnovênînoviêns
X.decemdecimusdênîdeciêns
XI.ûndecimûndecimusûndênîûndeciêns
XII.duodecimduodecimusdodênîduodeciêns
XIII.trêdecimtertius decimusternî dênî terdeciêns
XIV.quattuordecimquârtus decimusquaternî dênîquaterdeciêns
XV.quîndecimquîntus decimusquînî dênîquîndeciêns
XVI.sêdecimsextus decimussêdenî dênîsêdeciêns
XVII.septendecimseptimus decimusseptenî dênîseptiêns deciêns
XVIII.duodêvîgintîduodêvîcê(n)simusduodêvîcênîduodêvîciêns
XIX.ûndêvîgintîûndêvîcênsimusûndêvîcênîûndêvîciêns
XX.vîgintîvîcênsimusvîcênîvîciêns
XXI.ûnus et vîgintîûnus et vîcênsimusvîcênî singulîsemel et vîciêns
XXX.trîgintâtrîcênsimustrîcênîtrîciêns
XL.quadrâgintâquadrâgênsimusquadrâgênîquadrâgiêns
L.quînquâgintâquînquâgênsimusquînquâgênîquînquâgiêns
LX.sexâgintâsexâgênsimussexâgênîsexâgiêns
LXX.septuâgintâseptuâgênsimusseptuâgênîseptuâgiêns
LXXX.octôgintâoctôgênsimusoctôgênîoctôgiêns
XC.nônâgintânônâgênsimusnônâgênînônâgiêns
C.centumcentênsimuscentênîcentiêns
CC.ducentîducentênsimusducênîducentiêns
CCC.trecentîtrecentênsimustrecênîtrecentiêns
CCCC.quadringentîquadringentênsimusquadringênîquadringentiêns
D.quîngentîquîngentênsimusquîngênîquîngentiêns
DC.sescentîsescentênsimussescênîsescentiêns
DCC.septingentîseptingentênsimusseptingênîseptingentiêns
DCCC.octingentîoctingentênsimusoctingênîoctingentiêns
DCCCC.nôngentînôngentênsimusnôngênînôngentiêns
M.mîllemîllênsimussingula miliamîlliêns
MM.duo milia bis mîllênsimusbîna mîliabis mîlliêns


  Ûnus, (ûnus, ûnum) one, is declined in the singular as follows:—

       M.               F.             N.     
N.ûnusûnaûnum
V.ûneûnaûnum
Acc.ûnumûnamûnum
G.ûniusûniusûnius
D.ûnîûnîûnî
Ab.ûnôûnâûnô

  The plural of ûnus is regular.


  Duo (duae, duo) and três (tres, tria) are declined as follows:—

       M.               F.             N.     
N., V.duoduaeduo
Acc.duo or duôsduâsduo
G.duôrumduârumduôrum
D., Ab.duôbusduâbusduôbus

       M.               F.             N.     
N., V.trêstrêstria
Acc.trêstrêstria
G.triumtriumtrium
D., Ab.tribustribustribus

Duo sometimes has a genitive duum.
Ambo, both, is declined like duo (except that the final o is long); but it never has the shortened genitive.


The Cardinals from quattuor to centum are indeclinable; from ducenti to nongenti they are declined like the standard first and second declension plural adjectives. Mille in the singular is an indeclinable noun or adjective; the plural milia is a neuter noun declined like tria. [cf. Aulus Gellius on mille in Noctium Atticarum, I. xvi.]


Ordinals are declined like the standard first and second declension adjectives. The letter n is often ommitted in forming ordinal numbers in -ensimus.
  The Ordinals must be used to give the years: e.g., A.D. 100 is anno post Christum nato centensimo.


Distributives are declined like the standard first and second declension plural adjectives.
  The Distributive (a) denotes that the number belongs to each of several persons or things, as "pueri denum annorum,"—boys of ten years old; (b) are used in multiplication, as "bis bina,"—twice two; (c) with nouns which have no corresponding singular, such as "una castra,"—one camp, but "bina castra,"—two camps, and "binae litterae,"—two epistles, but "duae litterae,"—two letters of the alphabet; and (d) poets often use distributives for cardinals.
  Distributive Numerals originally had a collective sense: e.g., bini meant "two together," "two at a time," "a couple." Caesar has "uxores habent deni duo deniqui inter se communes."—"groups of ten or twelve men had wives in common." Thus Vergil., Aen. vii. 538: quina armenta,—"five herds."


Compound Numbers: from tredecim to undeviginti inclusive, the smaller number is prefixed without et; from XXI to XCIX either (a) the larger precedes without et, or (b) the smaller precedes with et. From CI upwards, the larger generally precedes. [cf. Aulus Gellius on duovicesimo in Noctium Atticarum, V. iv.]


The letter n is often ommitted in forming numeral adverbs in -iens.

compiled by Informal from Postgate's New Latin Primer (London, 1891)

 
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